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Dumas, Thomas Alexandre

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Autor: Dumas, Thomas Alexandre
Rok: 1762-1806
Oblast působnosti: generálové

Biogr./Hist. údaje: Francouzský generál, otec Alexandra Dumase (1802-1870).
Zdroj: Autoritní databáze Národní knihovny ČR

Thomas Alexandre Dumas

Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie (French: [alɛksɑ̃dʁ davi də la pajətʁi]), also known as Alexandre Dumas ([alɛksɑ̃dʁ dyma]; 25 March 1762 – 26 February 1806) was a general in Revolutionary France and the highest-ranking mulatto man of all time in a European army. He was the first person of non-European origin in the French military to become brigadier general, the first to become divisional general, and the first to become general-in-chief of a French army. Dumas shared the status of the highest-ranking officer of Sub-Saharan origin in the Western world only with Toussaint Louverture (who in May 1797 became the second general-in-chief of Sub-Saharan origin in the French military) until 1975, when the American Daniel "Chappie" James Jr became a four-star general in the United States Air Force, the closest American equivalent of Général d'Armée, Dumas's highest rank.Born in Saint-Domingue, Thomas-Alexandre was of mixed race, the son of a white French nobleman and an enslaved mother of African descent. He was born into slavery because of his mother's status but was also born into nobility because of his father's. His father took the boy with him to France in 1776 and had him educated. Slavery had been illegal in metropolitan France since 1315 and thus any slave would be freed de facto by being in the country. His father helped Thomas-Alexandre enter the French military.Dumas played a pivotal role in the French Revolutionary Wars. Entering the military as a private at age 24, Dumas rose by age 31 to command 53,000 troops as the General-in-Chief of the French Army of the Alps. Dumas's strategic victory in opening the high Alps passes enabled the French to initiate their Second Italian Campaign against the Austrian Empire. During the battles in Italy, Austrian troops nicknamed Dumas as the Schwarzer Teufel ("Black Devil," Diable Noir in French). The French – notably Napoleon – nicknamed him "the Horatius Cocles of the Tyrol" (after a hero who had saved ancient Rome) for single-handedly defeating a squadron of enemy troops at a bridge over the Eisack River in Clausen (today Klausen, or Chiusa, Italy).Dumas served as commander of the French cavalry forces on the Expédition d’Égypte, a failed French attempt to conquer Egypt and the Levant. On the march from Alexandria to Cairo, he clashed verbally with the Expedition's supreme commander Napoleon Bonaparte, under whom he had served in the Italian campaigns. In March 1799, Dumas left Egypt on an unsound vessel, which was forced to put aground in the southern Italian Kingdom of Naples, where he was taken prisoner and thrown into a dungeon. He languished there until the spring of 1801.Returning to France after his release, he and his wife had a son, Alexandre Dumas, who became one of France's most widely read authors of all time. The novelist Dumas's most famous characters were inspired by the life of General Dumas. The general’s grandson, Alexandre Dumas, fils, would become one of France's most celebrated playwrights of the second half of the nineteenth century. Another grandson, Henry Bauër, who was never recognized by the novelist Dumas, was a prominent left-leaning theater critic in the same period. The General's great-grandson, Gérard Bauër, son of Henry Bauër, was also an accomplished writer in the twentieth century. A great-great-grandson, Alexandre Lippmann (grandson of the playwright Dumas fils), was a two-time gold medalist in fencing at the 1908 and 1924 Olympic games (he won silver in 1920).

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